The Udayagiri and Khandagiri hills near Bhubaneswar contain ancient Jain monastic caves that trace their origins to the 1st century B.C.E. and continued in use until the 10th to 11th century C.E. They represent an important early phase of Jain art, architecture and ascetic tradition in Eastern India.

Historical Background

Built under the patronage of King Kharavela, the caves once served as retreats for Jain monks and preserve teachings in the form of carvings and ornamentation on the walls. Several caves contain cells opening into courtyards and feature decorated doorways with pilasters, animal motifs and floral designs. The site also includes an apsidal chaitya on Udayagiri hill, marking an early stage of Jain religious architecture.

Location and Significance

Situated near Bhubaneswar in Odisha, the hills illustrate the spread of Jainism in the region. The Hathigumpha cave inscription of King Kharavela, carved on its roof, is the only such record in the Indian subcontinent and gives the monument exceptional historical prominence.

Architectural Materials and Design

Udayagiri houses notable double storey caves such as Ranigumpha, Svargapuri Manchapuri and Jaya Vijaya. Their sculptural schemes and layouts exemplify evolving monastic design, while the hilltops offer serene views that enhance the site’s contemplative atmosphere.